G7 leaders grapple over China rebuke

PLYMOUTH, England — The Group of Seven wealthy democracies tussled Saturday over how explicitly to admonish China over human rights in an upcoming joint declaration.

In private meetings, public statements and background briefings with reporters, each country staked out its position during the second day of the annual G7 summit, held this year in southwest England.

The U.S. came out early, telling reporters it would make a priority of singling out China’s use of forced labor against the Uyghur and other minorities in Xinjiang in the text. And Canada publicly expressed the desire to list the names of two citizens that Beijing detained in retaliation for Canada’s arrest of a Huawei executive. Then, as the day wore on, EU officials questioned whether the framing should be about China’s violations specifically or forced labor more broadly, according to a senior diplomat involved in the talks.

It was a back-and-forth reflective of the divisive issue that China has become among western allies — even with what Europeans view as the welcoming presence of U.S. President Joe Biden — as the leaders grapple with the country’s ascendance as a geopolitical and economic counterweight to the democracies they represent.

“This morning was to go a little bit deeper on some of the … more challenging elements within the G7 positioning on how hard to push and to call out some of the actions that China is taking,” said a senior U.S. administration official.

Struggle over rights

The final language will be unveiled on Sunday at the end of the G7 summit, the first held since 2019, after the 2020 gathering was canceled during the pandemic. And despite the varying positions, the ultimate text is likely to be the most extensive G7 language about China since President Xi Jinping became the Chinese leader in 2012.

Under discussion are two sections regarding China — one that could address human rights, and another that could offer countries funding alternatives to Beijing’s so-called Belt and Road Initiative, a global infrastructure development project. 

It’s the first section that has been a struggle for diplomats seeking consensus. 

While the U.S. and its European allies agree on the need to aggressively address China’s human rights behavior — even jointly sanctioning the country in March over its treatment of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang — they have diverged on what rhetoric to use toward Beijing, sometimes because of differing economic considerations.

The EU, for instance, previously struck an investment deal with China, although it later put the agreement on hold amid rising tensions with Beijing. 

According to the senior U.S. administration official, France is broadly supportive of singling out China over its forced labor practices, but EU, German and Italian diplomats were more hesitant. 

German Chancellor Angela Merkel was coy on Saturday when addressing China, saying the EU needs “everyone in the world” in order to “work together, especially in the areas of climate protection and biodiversity.”

By the end of the day, a second U.S. official said the countries had bridged some of their differences on the communiqué language without offering specifics. But in a statement, the official said there was “a growing convergence” among G7 countries on highlighting China’s “human rights abuses, including in Xinjiang.”

“Given some members didn’t even want to mention China just three years ago, this is a huge shift in a short period of time,” the official added.

Another human rights issue in play is whether to name specific Beijing detainees in the communiqué.

Canada has been pressing the issue, trying to include mention of both Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor, who have been detained in China since late 2018. 

“Western democracies who are in the G7 should not be reluctant at all to pursue all those actions where it’s appropriate, even contesting,” Canadian High Commissioner to the U.K. Ralph Goodale told reporters on Friday.

Building back vs. Belt & Road

The seven countries are more in line on the other area: global infrastructure funding. 

Diplomats are finalizing the wording of what they’re calling “Build Back Better for the World” (a nod to both Biden and Johnson’s domestic sloganeering). It’s an Initiative to free up hundreds of billions of dollars from both government and private industry for developing countries that might be inclined to take funding from China. 

The G7 countries have criticized Beijing for driving countries into debt with its Belt and Road loan offers, depriving them of much of the benefit of any new infrastructure or economic investment. 

The White House said it wants G7 countries to commit to a “higher-quality” alternative to Belt and Road funding, offering investments that adhere to better climate standards and labor practices. It would be funded in part with existing U.S. contributions to overseas infrastructure financing through the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

“The United States and many of our partners and friends around the world have long been skeptical about China’s Belt and Road Initiative,” the second U.S. official said. “We’ve seen the Chinese government demonstrate a lack of transparency, poor environmental and labor standards, and a course of approach that’s left many countries worse off.” 

The official added: “But until now, we haven’t offered a positive alternative that reflects our values, our standards, and our way of doing business.”

The White House declined to specify how much money the U.S. would contribute, saying it was still negotiating with other countries. It said the US already invests billions of dollars in overseas infrastructure financing and plans to work with Congress to do more.

While all sides are hammering out a final text, the other major player — Japan — made a veiled call on Europe to do more economically.

“With the European Union, we have helped with a number of their discussions on various issues such as the economic behavior, market distortion measures and also the economic assistance of China which are not compatible with international regulations,” Tomoyuki Koshida, the ministry of foreign affairs press secretary, told reporters. “It is our hope that Europe and Japan and other like-minded countries deepen such discussions in the future.”

Stuart Lau reported from Brussels and David M. Herszenhorn reported from Falmouth, England.

Anna Isaac, Esther Webber and Rym Momtaz contributed to this report.